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Saintis China Bina Reaktor Nuklear Pertama Di Dunia Guna Thorium

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Reaktor Thorium Alternatif Bersih Berbanding Uranium

Pada 30 April 2025, dunia menyaksikan lonjakan besar dalam teknologi tenaga apabila saintis China berjaya menambah bahan api baru ke dalam reaktor garam lebur thorium 2 megawatt di Gurun Gobi, berhampiran Wuwei, Gansu. Dinamakan TMSR-LF1, reaktor ini adalah yang pertama seumpamanya di dunia, menggunakan thorium sebagai alternatif lebih selamat berbanding uranium. Di bawah pimpinan Institut Sains Gunaan Shanghai (SINAP), China memanfaatkan penyelidikan Amerika yang ditinggalkan untuk memimpin revolusi tenaga bersih. Blog ini meneroka teknologi ini, pencapaian terkini, dan impaknya terhadap masa depan tenaga global.

Apa Itu Reaktor Garam Lebur Thorium?

Reaktor garam lebur thorium menggunakan garam lebur cecair sebagai bahan api dan penyejuk. Thorium-232, bahan asas, ditukar menjadi uranium-233 yang fisil melalui penyerapan neutron dalam campuran garam fluorida (LiF-BeF2-ZrF4-UF4 dengan ThF4). Garam ini mengalir melalui teras reaktor pada suhu 650-700°C, menghasilkan haba untuk menjana elektrik.

Keselamatan: Beroperasi pada tekanan atmosfera, mengurangkan risiko letupan. Palam garam beku membolehkan penutupan automatik jika berlaku kegagalan.
Kelimpahan: Thorium lebih banyak tiga hingga empat kali ganda berbanding uranium, dengan simpanan China dianggarkan melebihi 100,000 tan.
Sisa Minimum: Menghasilkan sisa radioaktif dengan jangka hayat ~500 tahun, jauh lebih pendek daripada uranium (~10,000 tahun).
Kecekapan: Suhu tinggi meningkatkan kecekapan terma dan menyokong aplikasi seperti penghasilan hidrogen.

Cabaran: Kakisan garam lebur memerlukan bahan tahan seperti aloi nikel, manakala pemprosesan thorium ke uranium-233 adalah kompleks. Kos pembangunan dan peraturan global juga menjadi halangan.

Pencapaian Terkini TMSR-LF1

Reaktor TMSR-LF1 telah mencapai mercu tanda penting:

Oktober 2023: Mencapai tahap pertama, menandakan tindak balas rantai nuklear yang stabil.
Jun 2024: Beroperasi pada kuasa penuh 2 megawatt (terma).
Oktober 2024: Menambah bahan api baru (thorium-232 dan uranium-235 diperkaya 19.75%) tanpa mematikan reaktor, satu pencapaian dunia pertama. Pengesanan protactinium-233 mengesahkan penukaran thorium ke uranium-233.

Reaktor ini menggunakan garam lebur sebagai penyejuk, beroperasi tanpa air, dan mempunyai ciri keselamatan pasif seperti palam garam beku yang mengalirkan bahan api ke ruang penyejukan sekiranya berlaku kegagalan kuasa.

Rancangan China untuk Masa Depan

China mempercepatkan usaha untuk menjadikan reaktor thorium tulang belakang tenaga bersih menjelang neutraliti karbon 2060:

2025-2029: Membina reaktor 10 megawatt (terma) dengan kuasa elektrik 10 megawatt, menggunakan turbin gas karbon dioksida superkritikal, siap pada 2029.
2030: Reaktor 373 megawatt (terma) menghasilkan 168 megawatt elektrik, menyokong penghasilan hidrogen, menggunakan 15.7 tan thorium dan 2.1 tan uranium.
Komersial: Menyebarkan reaktor di gurun barat China dan mengeksport ke negara Inisiatif Belt and Road, dengan potensi 30 reaktor di luar negara.

China merancang 150 reaktor nuklear baru menjelang 2035, menambah 147 gigawatt dengan pelaburan $370–440 bilion, di mana thorium memainkan peranan utama.

Impak Global dan Persaingan

China memanfaatkan penyelidikan Oak Ridge Amerika 1960-an untuk membangunkan TMSR-LF1, melangkaui reka bentuk asal. Impaknya:

Tenaga Bersih: Mengurangkan pergantungan arang batu dengan sisa radioaktif minimum.
Keselamatan Tenaga: Simpanan thorium China boleh bertahan 20,000 tahun, mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada uranium import.
Geopolitik: Eksport reaktor boleh meningkatkan pengaruh China di negara membangun.

Namun, reaktor ini masih menggunakan uranium-235 sebagai pemula, dan risiko penyebaran uranium-233 wujud. Persaingan: Amerika, India, dan Denmark meneroka teknologi serupa, tetapi China memimpin dengan reaktor beroperasi. Cabaran seperti kakisan, kos, dan peraturan kekal relevan.

Kesimpulan: TMSR-LF1 menandakan era baru tenaga nuklear. Dengan pelan untuk skala komersial, China mungkin mengubah landskap tenaga global. Adakah ini permulaan masa depan tenaga yang lebih selamat? Kongsi pendapat anda!